Introduction
Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including depressive lows and manic or hypomanic highs. These mood episodes disrupt daily life and relationships, and the condition often requires lifelong management.
Incidence
Bipolar disorder affects approximately 1-3% of the population, with symptoms typically appearing in late adolescence or early adulthood. It affects men and women equally.
Symptoms
- Depressive Episodes:
- Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and lack of energy.
- Difficulty concentrating, changes in appetite or sleep patterns.
- Manic Episodes:
- Elevated mood or irritability, racing thoughts, and impulsive behavior.
- Reduced need for sleep and grandiose ideas.
- Hypomania:
- A less severe form of mania, often causing productivity but still disruptive.
Treatment
- Medications:
- Mood stabilizers like lithium or valproate to control manic and depressive episodes.
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine, aripiprazole) for acute symptoms.
- Therapy:
- Psychoeducation to help understand the condition and its triggers.
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy to manage depressive symptoms.
- Lifestyle:
- Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule and avoiding alcohol or drugs.
